The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identifies five major Reasons for Concern, each representing key thresholds of danger as the planet warms: Impacts on Natural Systems Natural systems form the backbone of Earth’s stability. Climate change disrupts these systems…
Microcontroller fundamentals through ESP32 architecture, I²C/SPI/UART communication, and FreeRTOS multitasking in IoT with real sensor lab exercises. Introduction Every IoT device is powered by a microcontroller a compact, low-cost computer that controls sensors, actuators, and data communication. In this lecture,…
Climate change is not just an environmental issue it is a human health crisis. Rising temperatures, pollution, and extreme weather events have begun to affect physical comfort, mental health, and the social behavior of communities worldwide.Understanding how humans react and…
IoT sensors and actuators their types, calibration, and signal handling with practical lab exercises using DHT22, ultrasonic sensors, and PWM outputs. Introduction Sensors and actuators are the heart of the Internet of Things (IoT). They bridge the physical and digital…
The structure of IoT architecture and its relation to the TCP/IP model. Explore four IoT layers, key protocols, and a practical lab on layer mapping. Understanding IoT Architecture The Internet of Things (IoT) architecture defines how connected devices interact, process…
The basics of IoT: its concepts, key applications, and how to set up Arduino or ESP32 boards to blink LEDs and read sensor data in your first IoT lab. What Is the Internet of Things (IoT)? The Internet of Things…